Research Paper on Sanitation Essay Example

Research Paper on Sanitation Essay Sanitation is a set of practical measures, which aims to improve the hygienic conditions. Sanitation is strongly linked to public health because of the many diseases associated with an unhealthy environment. Proximity to the waste-water can cause diseases of fecal-oral transmission (diarrhea, typhoid, hepatitis, cholera), or related to a vector (malaria, filariasis, dengue). Other diseases are also linked to poor basic sanitation and in particular defective or poorly equipped latrines: nematodes, bilharziasis, and other worms. Sanitation aims to ensure the disposal and treatment of waste-water and excreta in minimizing risks to human health and the environment. Generally, remediation includes procedures of removal and treatment of waste-water and solid waste products. These procedures include: Filtration. Filtration is carried out in order to ensure the safety of water reuse. Waste-water is filtrated to bring to the standards that allow the use of this water without harm to the environment and human health. The waste-water goes through special filters that separate liquid and solid contaminants. Then the water is saturated with ozone and oxygen, and passed through a more fine filter. Finally, the water is sterilized with a solution of chlorine. Landfills. Garbage disposal in a landfill for the purpose of later recycling ensures cleaning of residential and industrial areas of the city from the waste of mineral and organic origin, which could be a habitat of harmful insects and animals. In addition to that, these solid waste products, such as food, etc. undergo rapid decomposition, and can become a source of pathogens. Utilization. The next stage is the utilization of garbage and waste products, which can be used after recycling. Such waste products are sorted by type of re cycling. Then they are crushed, deprived of impurities and, if necessary, melted. The list of materials that can be recycled include various metals, plastics, paper, and glass. Ecological sanitation. Ecological sanitation involves the installation of composting toilets, where the situation requires it (e.g. developing countries). In addition to that, there is a distribution of special training literature, which helps to improve the educational level of people in terms of hygiene and sanitation. Such literature popularly explains the importance of hand washing with soap and water, etc. University and college students, who write their research proposal on sanitation, should also explain that collection and disposal of waste products also help to maintain a healthy environment. Moreover, they have to describe the significance of hygiene and sanitation for improving the environmental conditions in residential and industrial areas. If you have little or not enough experience in this doma in, free sample research paper topics on sanitation will guide through the process of a first-class research project writing, which seems so obscure for beginners. There are great deal of excellent free samples on the Web, but be careful to choose, as a big part of them may turn out to be poor-quality imitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sanitation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sanitation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Sanitation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At EssayLib.com custom writing service you can buy a custom research paper on Sanitation topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay Example

The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay Example The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay The Book Of The Acts Review Religion Essay Essay For the intent of this essay, I will be composing a reappraisal on the book titled The book of The Acts, written by F F Bruce. This book is divided into six parts and for the intents of this essay, I will be reexamining each portion of the book and I will besides make an rating of the book every bit good as a decision. The book of Acts, is one of the books of the New Testament. It s writer is unknown, nevertheless Bruce tentatively accepts that its writer might be Luke. In this book, Bruce gives a measure by measure usher and dislocation of each chapter of the book of Acts and explains in inside informations what the narrative was all about. Reappraisal of Part One A ; Part Two In portion one of this book, the author, F F Bruce, starts to explicate about Jesus visual aspect to His adherents and followings over a period of 40 yearss between His Resurrection and Ascension. Harmonizing to Luke s work, the visual aspect was confine to Jerusalem and its vicinity. Luke declares that Jesus continued to teach His adherents and followings. In the clip of Jesus Resurrection and visual aspect, Jesus instructed his adherents non to go forth Jerusalem until they received the power of the Holy Spirit. ( Act 1:5 ) This event was followed by an out pouring of the Holy Spirit on the twenty-four hours of Pentecost. After the 15th twenty-four hours of the banquet of the Passover besides known as the Feast of the hebdomad, the writer points out that the Holy Spirit moved mightily among the adherents, which resulted in them having the gift of speech production in linguas ( Glossolalia ) . This gift attracted many people as they were keen on hearing the Gospel because of this. Enormous plants were done by the apostles during this clip, which besides resulted in Peter and John being arrested. Believers at that clip shared all things in common. Bruce besides take into history the fraudulence of Ananias and that of Sapphira. In portion two of this book, the writer went farther to enter about how Paul was being persecuted everyplace he goes to prophesy the Gospel. As a consequence this lead to groups being favoured over another. The apostle thought it was their responsibility to oversee fiscal agreement of the community. They therefore chose seven leaders of the Hellenist church, who were called deacon harmonizing to their tradition to assist with this undertaking. Many priest were joininng the trusters because of these spiritual place. Most Priest were from a affluent household, nevertheless there were some resistances from the ordinary Priests. The writer explained that there were three chief resistance groups. Harmonizing to Bruce, Stephen s arguer was that the Gospel meant the terminal of the forfeit and ceremonial Torahs. Stephen s address is frequently called defense mechanism or apology from Sanhedren. Stephen was subsequently stoned and executed as approved by Saul Reappraisal of portion Three A ; Part Four In this subdivision of the book, Bruce looked at the narratives about the healing of Aeneas every bit good as the elevation of Dorcas from the dead. Bruce besides looked at the good intelligence which were preached to the heathens and how they received the gift of the Holy Spirit. Chapter 13 of the book of Acts, which covers the narrative of how Barnabas and Saul were sent out from Antioch ( Acts 13:1-3 ) . After Barnabas and Saul was sent out from Antioch they went to a town called Cyprus as commissioned by the Holy Spirit. Whilst in Cyprus, they continues to prophesy the word of God in the temples of the Jews. After their evangelism in Cyprus they went to the South seashore of Asia Minor. The people who hears the sermon besides continue to evangelize unto others. The crowd continues to turn more and more each clip. Bruce explained about the healing of a feeble adult male at Lystra who was healed by the power of the spoken word of Paul ( Acts 14:8-13 ) . The writer explained that after the Lystran people have seen this marvelous mending they were amazed and they concluded that they were being favoured with a godly trial. It was non long earlier some Hebrews from Antiouch and Iconium came to Lystra and talked the crowd into their ain belief, therefore ensuing in the crowd to oppress Paul and pelt him. The writer explains about how Paul and Barnabas went up to Jerusalem. Whilst they were at that place, they had a meeting with the members of the Council and informed them of all that has happened to them and related all the marks and admirations that God had done through them among the Gentiles. In this subdivision, the writer besides talks about the missive which was sent to the Gentile Christians from the seniors of Church in Jerusalem. Reappraisal of portion Five A ; Part Six Bruce looked at how Paul and Barnabas parted company and how Paul chose Silas as his new co-worker. Afterwards, Paul and Silas went to South Galatia, where they continued to prophesy the Gospel and they were able to turn more churches in religion every bit good as in Numberss. Paul and Silas still continued to confront persecution and this resulted in them being imprisoned. Even after Paul was release, he still continued prophesying the Gospel, this did non frighten him from prophesying the Gospel. Paul besides continued to transport out different manifestation of the Holy Spirit, through healing and the transition of psyches. Paul continued his work until he moved to Ephesus. Paul s persecution continued and he was imprisoned once more and due to his sermon of the Gospel the writer recorded two more imprisonment after the one which happened in Ephesus. On several occasions, Paul will plead with the seniors for his release and he will be released. Paul was accused by the Jews of conv eying a Gentile within a out evidences, and he was arrested once more whilst he was in the temple. Paul was subsequently proved guiltless and he was subsequently handed over to some crewmans. Whilst they were at sea, the ship suffered sea storm every bit good as shipwreck and they were forced to travel to a town called Malta, where the people were so friendly. Paul carried out some marvelous plants whilst in Malta and healed the sick. After this Paul and the other crewmans continued their journey until they got to Rome. Evaluation Although the Book of Acts does non hold a named writer, nevertheless, Bruce tentatively accepted Luke as the writer of this book. Bruce provides first-class enlightening background on the geographical scene of the book every bit good as the historical and political characteristics. This book is utile to anyone, who wants mentions on the book of Acts for their sermon, nevertheless it will turn out excessively hard if it was to be used for bible survey. Due to the manner the contents of the book is, an person will non happen it hard when analyzing a peculiar subdivision of the book and they will be able to acquire good sense of the context. Decision Reading this book, has given me a clearer image of the book of Acts. This book was good written and its account every bit good as enlargement of the book of Acts was really good. It has a batch of resources which I did non cognize about and the narrative of Paul and all the persecution makes me to cognize that evangelism in the olden yearss was far worse than what we are sing now. However, we should all go on to be strong in the religion and merely as the several imprisonment did non do Paul to halt the work of God, we should non give up either when faced with persecution.

Marriage versus Living Together Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marriage versus Living Together - Essay Example For one thing, both marriage and cohabitation involve two people in a committed relationship living together for a definite or unlimited time period with mutual agreement. While husband and wife live together after honoring the value of marriage, both partners live together in cohabitation also with complete harmony and peace of mind. Cohabiting people live without the presence of a legal bond called marriage so there are no legal formalities to be handled if any problem in the relationship ever occurs. In contrast, a married couple more often than not starts facing many problems soon after living together as marriage may not be the right kind of thing for everyone which is exactly why â€Å"some couples choose to live together without the benefit of a legal union† (FindLaw). However, both marriage and living together are similar in this sense that in both trends, people share an intimate relationship, there is a fair amount of love, commitment on both sides, sexual interest, and trust on one another. Both married and cohabiting people often enjoy very serious relationships though differences may exist depending on the situation. Both married and cohabiting people have to share finance or at least, they have to lose something should the relationship get rocky and fail. In both types of relationships, partners share rent and each is required to pay half of it. Basically, it only depends upon the two people living together if the very significant differences between marriage and living together appear on the surface or not and which may include divorce or simply walking out on each other.  Ã‚  

International Business Walmart case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Walmart case study - Essay Example As such, it is worthwhile to analyze the prospective of Wal-Mart in South Africa by first considering the four dimensions of distance between the U.S. and South Africa as well as the disadvantages and disadvantages of Wal-Mart in South Africa using Eclectic Paradigm as it will be delineated in this discussion. The distance between the U.S. and South Africa can be considered through four dimensions: cultural, political, geographic and economic distance. Firstly, the cultural distance deals with the cultural attributes, which are very essential in determining the manner in which individuals will interact with each other as well as with companies (Ghemawat, 2001). Whereas the majority of the inhabitants of the U.S. are whites, blacks are predominant in South Africa. The U.S. is an English speaking nation, whereas South Africans speak isiZulu language to a greater extent in trivial English. Also, in the U.S., the Protestant, and Catholic religions are prevalent while, on the other hand, Protestant and other Christian religions are prevalent in South Africa. Secondly, the political distance between the U.S and South Africa is eminent in the sense that they do not share a common currency: U.S. dollar for the U.S. and the South African rand for South Africa. Thirdly, the geographical distance be tween the two countries exists in terms of geographical size, climate, and population. The U.S. covers a geographical area of 9,826,675 square kilometers (sq. Km) whereas South Africa traces the U.S. with 1,219,090 sq. Km in geographical size. Besides, the U.S. has a temperate climate, which is different from the semiarid climate in South Africa. Additionally, the U.S. has a population of 316,668,567 whereas South Africa has 48,601,098. Lastly, the economic distance between the U.S. and South Africa is apparent from the GDP per capita, $ 50,000 for the U.S and $11,400 for South Africa, the real GDP

The Difference Between Efficiency And Effectiveness Essay

The Difference Between Efficiency And Effectiveness - Essay Example Performance is usually a measure of whether a target has been reached or not. In the case of effectiveness, performance is enhanced as it measures the degree to which an organization meets its target objectives, while efficiency measures that which are used in the achievement of the objectives. In both instances, there is no measure of performance and hence none is more important in such a perspective. Performance is mainly attributed towards the result rather than the process used in realizing the results. In an instance in which minimal resources are used and no objective is met then the performance is reduced, and additionally, if the target is not met regardless of the effectiveness of the process, the performance is low. One aspect of significant importance in both instances is that organizations, managers can improve both simultaneously. Managers usually work towards attaining certain goals for profitability while at the same working on minimizing the associated resources such as time and costs. It is evident that a manager can improve both efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously. In the current business world, numerous ethical issues are experienced ranging from simple to complex issues. One of the greatest issues is that of inversion of privacy, a contribution of technology and communication, which has become an integral part of organizations towards achieving their objectives. In order to understand an ethical issue, it is best to find out the moral obligation behind it.  

Study Of Variable Valve Timing Engineering Essay

Study Of Variable Valve Timing Engineering Essay Variable Valve Timing is a mechanism in which the lift, duration or timing of either the intake or exhaust valves or both can be altered in several combinations during engine operation. This is not possible for an engine with fixed intake and exhaust valves. An engine with VVT installed helps in improving engine performance over a wider range of the engine operating spectrum. In this paper, the effect of VVTs on gasoline as well as diesel engines were discussed and also compared to their series counterparts. For a diesel engine, it was observed that with the introduction of a VVT, higher fuel-line and combustion pressures were achieved with inadvertently led to a better engine performance along with lower smoke density and higher torque at low speeds. Minute variations in CO, NOx and PM emissions were observed. However at full-load operation, NOx emissions had increased marginally. In the case of the gasoline engine, it was observed that there wasnt any significant improvement in the CO and NOx emissions. However, the engine torque had increased particularly at low speeds and at partial load. This was complimented by a decrease in Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (bsfc). INTRODUCTION The valves in 4-Stroke IC Engines are mostly spring operated [1]. The opening and closing of these valves is governed by the crankshaft which is connected to the valves through an intermediary camshaft which is attached to every valve through a cam. The amount of fuel that enters the combustion chamber is dependent upon valve timing. The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft by using any one of gears, chains or belts. In conventional engines without VVT, the cam lobe shape and position as well as it profile are tuned for a particular engine speed and this usually compromises high-end torque or low-end power. However, with the introduction of VVT, the cam characteristics, e.g. timing, can be altered. Thus, this allows for better engine efficiency and power at variable engine speeds [2]. This is useful especially at high speed operation where a car requires more air in order to deliver the required power. If lesser amount of air were to be entered at high speeds, there would a considerable decrease in performance. However, if the valves were to be kept open for a longer duration, there would be a case of incomplete combustion inside the combustion chamber at low speeds since the pressure required to attain proper combustion of fuel is insufficient. This again results in reduced engine performance as well as an increase in fuel emissions [2]. Modern emission regulations set by various governments have forced several manufacturers to adopt VVT in their engines. Most of the current car manufacturers have adopted VVT engine systems. The popular VVT mechanisms are classified into purely mechanical, electro-mechanical and hydraulic. Purely mechanical VVT systems are further classified into Oscillating Cam, Eccentric Cam Drive, Three-Dimensional Cam Lobe and Two Shaft Combined Profile [2]. TYPES OF VVTs Purely Mechanical In this type of VVT, the valve timing is operated by mechanical means. It is further subdivided into: Oscillating Cam This method involves using either a conventional cam lobe or an eccentric and connecting rod which generates oscillatory motion on part cam lobe which is connected to the follower and thus, the valve. The part lobe is made up of a section each of base circle and lobe flank. The position of the part cam lobe can be varied depending on whether zero lift and zero position are required in which case the part cam lobe is completely base circle. The exact opposite situation is maximum duration at full lift in which case it is fully flank. BMWs Valvetronic, Toyota Valvematic( both conventional) and Nissan VVEL( eccentric and connecting rod) are variations of this method. The Valvetronic is very dependable however the lift duration is dependent on amount of lift. Hence its only used on intake valves. The Valvematic and the VVEL are more compact while delivering the same performance as the Valvetronic [2]. Eccentric Cam Drive The Rover Company is the only company in history to have ever used this version of VVT. In this method, an eccentric disc mechanism is used which can vary the angular speed of the cam. The lesser the angular speed, the greater the duration of lift. The disadvantage of this method is that its expensive as each valve requires its own controller [2]. Three-Dimensional Cam Lobe This system comprises of an axially elongated cam lobe which has shorter duration profile and a greater duration profile at either ends. Thus, valve lift duration can be varied by tilting the cam lobe axially. However, such a system requires the follower to tilt in various directions as the lobe flanks of the cam lobe are not parallel to the axis of rotation of the camshaft. This problem has never been rectified which is why its not used commercially [2]. Two Shaft Combined Profile In this system, two closely arranged camshafts are used. The angular positions of the camshaft with respect to the crankshaft can be arranged by using a phasing mechanism. A follower connects both camshafts and is operated by the two lobes simultaneously. The two lobes are used for the intake and exhaust valves respectively. The disadvantage of this system is that the settings on one lobe may affect the other thus tampering the entire system. It has yet to be used commercially [2]. Electro-mechanical Camless engines use this type of VVT in which the valve opening and closing is achieved by using electro-magnets. The disadvantages of this systems are : deceleration of the valve is hard to achieve, springs used in the valves have to adjusted to the smallest of margins and finally, the use of electromagnets reduces the engine efficiency [2]. Hydraulic Another system developed as an alternative to cam engines. In this system, the pressure of the liquid is used to activate valves. However, this system has its disadvantages. The energy required to operate a highly active hydraulic system under different circumstances is very high. The viscosity of the hydraulic fluid can vary over different temperatures. The use of springs deters high engine speed generation. The adequate operation of this system requires the aid of powerful computers and accurate sensors [2]. GASOLINE ENGINES WITH VVT INSTALLED VVT was installed in a gasoline engine and it was observed that for optimal performance, the inlet valve the inlet valve closing(IC) and the exhaust valve(EC) opening periods have to be optimised. The maximum temperature and pressure obtained in the combustion chamber is a result of IC optimisation. Optimal timing for each valve is dependent on engine speed. This characteristic is shown for both IC and EO at part load as well as full load through figures 1 and 2. C:UsersUSERDesktopoptimal EO vs engine speed.png Figure 1 Optimal EO Vs Engine Speed[3] C:UsersUSERDesktopOptimal IC vs engine speed.png Figure 2 Optimal IC Vs Engine Speed[3] Figures 3,4,5 and 6 compare Torque produced, bsfc, CO emissions and NOx emissions respectively for a normal engine and an engine with VVT installed at full load. C:UsersUSERDesktopTorque vs engine speed, full load petrol.png Figure 3 Torque Vs Engine Speed at full load C:UsersUSERDesktopbsfc vs engine speed,full load petrol.png Figure 4 bsfc vs Engine Speed at full load[3] C:UsersUSERDesktopCO emissions vs engine speed, full load petrol.png Figure 5 CO emissions Vs Engine Speed at full load [3] C:UsersUSERDesktopCO emissions vs engine speed, full load petrol.png Figure 6 NOx emissions Vs Engine Speed at full load [3] Its observed that VVT has little or no effect on the CO or NOx emissions. However, the torque produced has increased by 6% accompanied by a bsfc decrease of 2% [3]. Similarly at part load, the torque produced, bsfc, CO and NOx emissions were compared for both engines and the results are indicated in figures 7,8,9 and 10 respectively. C:UsersUSERDesktopTorque vs engine speed, part load petrol.png Figure 7 Torque produced vs Engine Speed at part load[3] C:UsersUSERDesktopbsfc vs engine speed, part load petrol.png Figure 8 bsfc vs Engine Speed at part load [3] C:UsersUSERDesktopCO emissions vs engine speed, part load petrol.png Figure 9 CO emissions Vs Engine Speed at part load [3] C:UsersUSERDesktopNOx emissions vs engine speed, part load petrol.png Figure 10 Nox emissions Vs Engine Speed at part load [3] At partial load, its observed that the torque increases by 4% and 3% when the engine is rotating at 2000rpm and 5000rpm respectively complemented by a bsfc decrease of 6% and 14%. The main advantage of the VVT for a gasoline engine is maximum torque can be achieved at a lower speed of rotation [3]. DIESEL ENGINES WITH VVT INSTALLED There are a number of factors which have hampered the research of VVT in diesel engines. Two of those factors are the complexity of VVT technology and the rapid evolution of diesel engine technology. Due to the lean nature of air fuel mixture, diesel engines emit much less CO as compared to their gasoline counterparts. This is because of the absence of unburnt hydrocarbons in the mixture. However, due to higher temperatures involved in diesel engines owing to higher compression ratios, NOx are much more prominent as compared to gasoline engines [4]. Since diesel engines operate under higher compression ratios, the gap between the valves and the top of the piston at Top Dead Centre (TDC) is very minimal. Therefore, the VVT has to be designed such that there is no contact between the valves and the piston. Figure 11 shows the variation of torque with engine speed by only varying the inlet valve closing C:UsersUSERDesktoptorque vs speed, IC diesel.png Figure 11 Torque Vs Engine Speed at full load with inlet valve closing control [4] It is observed particularly at low engine speeds that the maximum torque increases at low speeds. In this case, there was a 6% increase in torque at 1000rpm and 8% increase at 1600rpm. A similar pattern is observed by controlling the exhaust valve opening (EO) as well as the combined control of EO and IC. This is indicated in figures 12 13 repectively. C:UsersUSERDesktopTorque vs engine speed EO diesel.png Figure 12 Torque Vs Engine Speed at full load with EO control [4] C:UsersUSERDesktopTorque vs engine speed EO,IC- diesel.png Figure 13 Torque Vs Engine Speed at full load by controlling EO IC At part load is was observed that by closing the inlet valve before Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), the bsfc had reduced [4]. Figure 14 shows the effect of IC timing on effective compression ratio after the installation of VVT. C:UsersUSERDesktopCompression ratio IC- diesel.png Figure 14 Effect Of IC Timing On Effective Compression Ratio [4] It is clear from figure 14 that by advancing the IC after BDC the compression ratio increases inside the combustion chamber. CONCLUSION The need for Variable Valve Timing has been discussed in detail. The various types of VVTs popularly have been discussed briefly. Most of modern vehicles use VVTs mainly due to legislation. The effect of using VVT in a gasoline as well as a diesel engine was analysed and explained accordingly. It was noticed that though there wasnt any appreciable decrease in emissions, the maximum torque produced was attained at a lower speed compared to their series counterparts. Also, the bsfc in both cases had been reduced.

Classical Design Elements In Architecture Essay -- essays papers

Classical Design Elements In Architecture Throughout history, Classical ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans have been prevalent in all facets of art. In architecture this is especially true. A few of the Classical ideals employed in architecture are colonnaded porticoes, domed centers and symmetrical designs. Architects such as Andrea di Pietro, Christopher Wren and Thomas Jefferson used these Classical design elements in their respective works. These highly regarded individuals were architects of the Mannerist, Baroque and Neo-Classical Ages respectively. They each used Classical design elements in their architecture to portray a sense of simplicity and harmony in their work, as well as to reflect Classical ideals of order and mathematical proportion. Andrea di Pietro, an architect of the Mannerist Age, employed the elements of Classical design in his works to achieve simplicity and harmony. â€Å"The preeminent architect of the Mannerist style was Andrea di Pietro, known as Palladio†(Matthews And Platt 340). The work that Palladio is most synonymous with is the Villa Capra, also known as the Villa Rotunda. The Villa Rotunda, based on the Classical design of a Roman farmhouse, was built for a wealthy Venetian (Matthews and Platt 340,341). The Villa highlights Classical principles of architecture in a number of ways. Palladio employed the use of colonnaded porticoes in the Villa, a covered porch supported by columns, which is typically located at the front of...

Welding Guide on Unitor

SAFETY IN WELDING A Safe Journey with UNITOR Norwegian Training Center – Manila A SAFE JOURNEY WITH UNITOR Welding and Flame Cutting elsewhere than in workshop should be the subject of a â€Å"HOT WORK PERMIT† A Safe Journey with UNITOR 2 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Production welding is done under optimum conditions. The appropriate equipment is provided for and the specification are set. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 3 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Maintenance and repair welding onboard involves a host of unknowns. Problems relate to chemical composition of the base metals, weldability, pre and post heat, choice of electrode, and the handicaps of field welding. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 4 Norwegian Training Center – Manila PROTECT THE EYES Never expose bare eyes to the glare and rays from the ARC! This will cause arc-eye (very painful) and damage to the ayes. Use filter glass of correct grade. Amperage Below 20 A 20 – 40 A 40 – 80 A 80 – 175 A 175 – 300 A 300 – 500 A A Safe Journey with UNITOR Grade 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 Norwegian Training Center – Manila A Safe Journey with UNITOR 6 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Train the crew to do the repair welding work themselves instead of subcontracting it away. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 7 Norwegian Training Center – Manila What about your welding technique? Could you need a bit of time at the welding school? A Safe Journey with UNITOR 8 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Both welding cable and return cable should be stretched to the welding site Remember that if you connect the return cable in the ships structure you are actually standing on the return current A Safe Journey with UNITOR 9 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Place the return clamp as near to where the welding takes place as possible. If you don’t, the return current might travel through ball bearings and other critical machine parts and destroy them. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 10 Norwegian Training Center – Manila If you are a smoker remember that disposable plastic cigarette lighters kept in pockets may cost you your life on a welding job. Should a spark fall into your pocket the lighter may explode, resulting in extensive, even fatal burns. Always leave your lighter behind when you shall weld. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 11 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Prevent sparks dropping down hatchways or hold ventilators. Keep fire extinguishers ready. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 12 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Before hot work is begun, check that there are no combustible solids, liquids or gases, at below or adjacent to welding area. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 13 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Remember that protective clothing is not only meant to protect you from burns spatter and arc radiation but also serves as an insulator so you don’t become part of the electric circuit A Safe Journey with UNITOR 14 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Hoses and cables should be kept clear of passage ways. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 15 Norwegian Training Center – Manila To work with worn or damaged welding cables is extremely dangerous. Inspect the condition of the cables regularly. Worn cables should be replaced, not â€Å"Repaired† with insulation tape. If the damage is local the damaged part should be cut away and the cable joined with a cable connector. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 16 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Be sure you never get any electric shock when using electric equipment. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 17 Norwegian Training Center – Manila DO NOT lean directly on to the structure if the return current runs through it, but make sure to insulate yourself using either a RUBBER MAT or WOOD. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 18 Norwegian Training Center – Manila In no circumstances should a welder work while standing in water. Water and electricity do not mix. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 19 Norwegian Training Center – Manila DO NOT weld on drums or tanks before they are cleaned and made absolutely gas free. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 20 Norwegian Training Center – Manila Poisonous gas might develop during welding caused by elements in the base materials or due to paints and metal coatings on the surface. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 21 Norwegian Training Center – Manila HAVE ELECTRODES BEEN PROPERLY STORED? If electrodes are left in the open air they start to attract moisture. When the electrode is used the moisture in the coating goes over as Hydrogen Porosity in the weld. This will in time develop into Hydrogen Cracking. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 22 Norwegian Training Center – Manila WHY IS IT THAT THE WELD I DID ONE WEEK AGO HAVE CRACKED. A Safe Journey with UNITOR 23

Naturebros

Q1. Summarize the information presented regarding the present and proposed products. Briefly describe the company’s 2004 and 2005 objectives. Ans. Dale Morris, being a cooking enthusiast, created a new season mix in 1993 which was based on a nutritive yeast extract and used a considerable amount of lesser salt than other seasonal mixes. This mix being very popular among family and close friends, he decided to ‘test market’ his product via a charity event and once successful, he saw an opportunity of a new saleable product. His vision however was stalled till 2002 due to lack of startup capital. Eventually, he raised enough money (a total of $65,000) by selling 15 percent each of his stock to his mother and two work colleagues to lease machinery and setup a small production facility and bring his product to grocery stores by August of 2002. The product was an instant hit among customers. Having a sales background himself, Morris had no problems in coming up with ways to promote his product. His tasting demonstrations, similar to what he held for family and friends were a hit and attracted enough sales in seven states and to consider expanding the product line and make inroads to markets in more states as well. In order to expand however, Morris needed more capital. Not only was the market to be expanded, two new products had to be launched as well. This meant additional expenses in product development, production, advertising and distribution. The present product, although a low salt seasoning, does not cater to the salt free market. Thus a salt free variant is to be developed along with an MSG based flavor enhancer. The company’s 2004 objectives are to stabilize its current markets in terms of sales and distribution and to achieve a 5 percent market share in the category of seasoned salt, a 10 percent market share in salt substitutes and a 5 percent market share in MSG based flavor enhancers. Strategy for 2004 concentrates more on existing markets. Although a 10 percent market share in the salt free category seems a bit optimistic, it is possible due to the lack of competitors in this market segment. For 2005, the company plans to expand to eight new markets namely Los Angeles, Phoenix, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, Seattle, San Francisco, Spokane and Portland. These new markets make up 17.1 percent of total grocery sales and thus are an attractive market to tap into. Like 2004, here too 5 percent shares for the salt based seasoning, 10 percent for the salt free version and 5 percent market share for the MSG based enhancer are objectified. The methods to be used will range from aggressive advertising to tapping into the more health conscious West Coast psyche. Price advantages will further help realize these aims for both existing and new markets. All this will be done due to the fact that the company is currently in the market expansion process and has to make unique selling propositions in order to capture a larger share of the market. Q2. After reviewing this material, make a list of additional information which should be supplied to support the sales projections. Ans. The sales forecasts seem to be well worked upon but that isn’t the case. The biggest blunder is that percentage aims for each new market and existing market have not be clearly specified. Only totals have been given for existing and new markets and new ones with the aims at 5 or 10 percent (as per product) being calculated based on the overall totals of each market. Since the existing markets have to be stabilized and expanded, there should e more specific information regarding each individual state in terms of market and percentage to be achieved in dollar amounts. Same should be the case for new markets as well. The second problem with these forecasts is that although the company has outlined its financial and percentage aims in each of these markets, no specifications whatsoever have been given as to the volume and price of the product being sold there. This is essential because Nature Bros. will have to decide what packages and what volume of sales they plan on distributing in these areas. Thus sales have to be given not only in dollar amounts but in amount of units and weight per package as well. Thirdly, the price set for each package should also be included in order to calculate how Nature Bros. will capture the market. A proper product into price figure is needed here rather than the existing dollar amounts. Q3. Comment on objectives: Are they reasonable, optimistic, or conservative? What marketing mix would best support this growth rate? Ans. The objectives seem to be reasonable for the current markets but are a bit too optimistic for new markets. The main reason for this is that the current markets are aware of their products. They just need to keep enhancing their advertisement efforts in order to capture a larger market share. New products too will be welcomed more openly. New markets always show resistance to new entrants. Secondly, local home grounds are always easier to work in; it’s the new markets that always create problems especially due to the startup inertia faced by products. In order to achieve these objectives, Nature Bros. will have to go big in these new markets. They will ahev to concentrate a lot on achieving the right marketing mix so as not to expend too much and still achieve their objectives:  §Ã‚   Promotion: promotional campaign launched by Nature Bros. have so far been successful in most cases. Form personal friends to tasting stalls, Morris has done well so far in achieving fame for his product. The new products however might need that extra push. First of all, they should go for more branding of the products. Customers might confuse the positioning of the existing product and leave it and the salt free version might eat away into the original products sales. Since Nature Bros. have thus far marketed their existing product as healthy and low salt, a salt less substitute will only shed bad light on the existing seasoning mix. Thus Nature Bros. should start repositioning its existing brand and use the same in new markets. Quality should be strictly controlled and maintained at all costs.  §Ã‚   Price: the pricing strategy as outlined in the plans seems to be fine for this product. One aspect that Nature Bros. have neglected however is the price demand elasticity of their product. They should test this strategy in their existing markets and see if they are in a position to charge premiums at this stage or not. This will give a fair idea as to for how long they will have to sell their products at reduced prices (how long it takes to achieve customer loyalty) and how sensitive the customers are in terms of price changes. If a little drop in price means a considerable increase in sales then Nature Bros. can achieve their target market shares without 3040 percent price cuts as they currently plan to. On the other hand if this is not the case and customers are not too elastic, then not only discounts but extra promotion will also have to be done and this would mean leaner profit margins with additional promotion costs.  §Ã‚   Promotion: the promotion strategy is fine and tested in the existing markets. Their decision to advertise in cooking magazines is a good one as well. One additional aspect however would be to properly launch their product and activate their brand through a certain event or fair. A proper launch and enough publicity can do wonders for a product in any given case. The church sale was the most successful for Morris and made him realize that a marketable product is at hand. Similarly, if ature Bros. were to contact other organizations such as churches or TV shows to use their product, this would result in a lot of publicity. This along with a few interviews to newspapers and leading cooking magazines will help a lot in creating enough hype and launching the product.  §Ã‚   Distribution: this is probably the weakest link in the whole plan. There seem to be no formal plans nor strategies regarding the actual distribution of the product. Being a young company, Nature Bros. will have to carefully assess which distribution strategies are cheapest and yet most effective. Although all products will be sold at grocery stores, Nature Bros. can decide whether it will be supplying directly to these stores or use the services of a third party in the form of a distribution intermediary. More intermediaries however mean higher product selling prices and this could result in Nature Bros. not effectively achieving their pricing strategy in the new markets and thus eventually losing market share. Q4. Evaluate the information supplied regarding a new product development and physical assets in light of the pro forma income statements Morris developed. Ans. The case shows that new product development and physical assets are going to be beneficial in nature, primarily due to the reason that the cost of goods sold as projected by the pro forma sheet show a decline over the years. Additionally, sales increase over the years. The new product if developed can help in terms of profits eventually, since profits automatically increase with the decrease in cost of goods sold and increase in sales over the years projected. Apart from operational expenses though, research and development expenses, and depreciation expenses of physical assets would increase causing an increase in the total cost incurred by the organization apart from the cost of goods sold. Q5. Is the capital sought appropriate for the circumstances? If more information is needed, state what it is and how it could be obtained. Ans. The capital sought is not appropriate mainly due to two reasons. The objectives outlined in terms of market shares are too optimistic in some cases. If Nature Bros. seriously intends to achieve these objectives   then they might have to expend a lot more in promotion and also further lower their prices. Secondly although promotion expenses are stated, not much has been said about other below the lien activities. It is rare that the cost of BTL activities are easily anticipated and put on paper for budgeting purposes. The second reason is that no mention has been made of distribution channels and strategies. This whether they decide to own the channel themselves or employ third parties, in both cases additional expenses will most certainly entail. Lastly, every firm always keeps a certain excessive amount of capital for emergencies. Since these are projections, Nature Bros. will most certainly have to attain a little more extra capital and retain it for unpredictable circumstances. Q6. What sources should Morris approach for this amount of capital? Ans. The product has done well in the past few years. A proper business plan and more professional projections can easily help Morris market his idea to banks as well as more serious venture capitalists in a very effective manner. The best option would be to borrow from a financial institution as opposed to selling off more equity to individuals. This is so because selling off equity might result in loss of ownership and decision power and at this stage conflicts among partners is something Nature Bros. should not risk. The ownership once diluted would result in actually loss of control, and decision making power would be vested in the hands of the shareholders. Apart from this, Nature Bros. has become too big to rely solely on funds borrowed from family and friends and is not big enough to go public as yet. Thus the best options would be to find capital form either banks at a fixed interest rate or angel investors who are interested and more patient than other categories of venture capitalists. These investors are interested in returns but rarely intervene in the management aspect of the business and are more accommodating as well. This source of funding or capital would help in reducing the amount of taxes that the company would have to pay, and additionally, fewer amounts would have to be given out to the shareholders as dividend. Thus any source which costs below the going interest rate and doesn’t result in selling of equity would be suitable for Nature Bros. Q7. Based on the current balance sheet, how much equity should he give up for the investment? The current balance sheet of the company shows several things. One of the basic aspects is the amount of assets that the company holds at this point in time. The total assets are about sixty seven thousand, and corresponding to that, the total liabilities are about fifty eight thousand. This shows that the company can cover its liabilities through the assets that it currently holds. On the other hand, the equity that the company has at this point in time is about nine thousand. A lot of potential in terms of equity investment is seen here since the company can not only withhold the amount of liabilities but also has enough to cater to the shareholders as well in terms of its liquid assets. In this case, about half of the liabilities amount can be given up for the investment and still be able to keep a significant amount of money in the liability section. The ball park figure is assumed in order to create a fifty-fifty balance between the liabilities and the equity side. The ideology is that the amount of figure noted would be able to create enough equity in the organization that would not jeopardize reporting and decision making in the company, and yet, be enough that it balances out the loans taken from banks and other individuals and institutions. References: Hisrich, R., Peters, P., & Shepard, D. (2008). Entrepreneurship. 7th Edition. Irwin: McGraw-Hill. Entrpreneur.com (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://www.entrepreneur.com/bizstartups/index.html U.S. Small Business Administration (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2007, from http://www.sba.gov/smallbusinessplanner/index.html   

All the Kings Men Jack and Anne relationship essays

All the Kings Men Jack and Anne relationship essays The relationship of Jack Burden and Anne Stanton was one shared with time upon the tennis courts, lakes, and roads in Burdens Landing. The failure of engagement between Jack and Anne was due to the fact they both desired different qualities in their lover. Anne admired a man who had ambition and true goals in life. She was vulnerable to Jack, since he was her childhood playmate. Jack was fixated on the past and reflected to the summer where they were both floating in the lake. Jack recalls that day, where they were both looking at the sky. He had pondered if she had ever seen the gull above. It was the flashback that Jack had in his mind of Anne. He could live in that past. Jack did not have the motivation to pursue law school and never had ambition. They eventually married each other after they had experienced some of life outside of Burdens Landing. Jack had his involvement with his first wife, Lois. He was content with his choice of work and believed his own theories for the caus e of events. Anne had experienced love from a politician and her freedom. Jack Burden and Anne Stanton married because they were complimentary to each other. They had enjoyed their childhood together, understood the secret life to Willie Stark, and lived together. The time that passed between their failed engagement and marriage was necessary for each to seek who their true self was, and know in return what they desired in a partner. Each had the misunderstanding of what they believed they needed in a partner. Jack was obsessed with his beautiful wife, Lois, until he realized that she lacked personality. Anne admired a man who had ambition and would be successful in life. During this time, they discovered what qualities they had admired and could actually appreciate each other in marriage. The passing of time allowed Jack Burden and Anne Stanton to realize their love. ...

Hustle As Strategy by Amar Bhide in Harvard Business Review Essay

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Wholefood Company evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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